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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
A Monosaccharide is used as a primary energy source used in cell metabolism.
- They are single-sugar molecules that include Glucose (Grape sugar and Blood Sugar) and Fructose (Honey and Fruit Juices)
- The comonly occuring monosaccharides contain between three and seven carbon atoms in their carbon chains and, of these, the 6C Hexose sugars occur most frequently.
reduction actions) {Monosaccharides.png}
Disaccharides
A Disaccharide is a double sugar molecule and is used as energy sources and building blocks for larger molecules.
- The type of Disaccharide formed depends on the monomers involved and whether they are formed in their ᾱ or B form.
Lactose = β-Glucose + β-Galactose (Milk Sugar)
Cellobiose = β-Glucose + β-Glucose (From Cellulose Hydrolosis)
{Disaccharides.png}
Polysaccharides
A Polysaccharide is a polymer structure made up of repeatinng Monosaccharide and Disaccharide strings.
- A Polysaccharide usually one of 4 things (Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen and Chitin)
Cellulose
- Cellulose is a structural material in plants and is made up of unbranched chains of β-Glucose molecules held together by 1, glycogenic links, as many as 10,000 glucose molecules may be linked together to form a straight chain. Parallel chains become cross-linked with hydrogen bonds and form bundles of 60-70 molecules called microfibrils, cellulose microfibrils are very strong and are major components of the pland cell wall
-Starch ()
-Glycogen ()
-Chitin ()

A Monosaccharide is used as a primary energy source used in cell metabolism.
- They are single-sugar molecules that include Glucose (Grape sugar and Blood Sugar) and Fructose (Honey and Fruit Juices)
- The comonly occuring monosaccharides contain between three and seven carbon atoms in their carbon chains and, of these, the 6C Hexose sugars occur most frequently.
- All monosaccharides are classified as Reducing Sugars (i.e They can participate in reduction actions)
A Disaccharide is a double sugar molecule and is used as energy sources and building blocks for larger molecules.
- The type of Disaccharide formed depends on the monomers involved and whether they are formed in their ᾱ or B form.
- Only a fiew disaccharides (Eg. Lactose) are classified as Reducing Sugars
Sucrose = ᾱ-Glucose + β-Frucrose (Simple sugar found in plant sap)
Maltose = ᾱ-Glucose + ᾱ-Glucose (A product of starch hydrolysis)
Lactose = β-Glucose + β-Galactose (Milk Sugar)
Cellobiose = β-Glucose + β-Glucose (From Cellulose Hydrolosis)

Q1,Know the general structure of an amino acid and the part that is different for each amino acid.
The general structure of a amino acid is shown below.
{Protein.png}
Q2,Describe how a peptide bond forms.
A peptide bond is when a molecule from the carboxyl group (OH) reacts with the amino group (H) of the another molecule, when this happens a molecule of water (H2O) is produced as a biproduct. this is also shown in the diagram above.

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Q1, KnowQ1,Know the general for each amino acid.
The general structure of a amino acid
This is shown below.
Q2,Describe how a peptide bond forms.
A peptide bond is when a molecule from the generalcarboxyl group (OH) reacts with the amino group (H) of the another molecule, when this happens a molecule of water (H2O) is produced as a biproduct. this is also shown in the diagram above.
Q3,Describe what forms the Primary, Secondary, Treditary and Quaternary structures of a protein. Know which of these structures is th strongest (The structure of which is not affected when a amino acid.protein denatures).

Q1, Know the general structure of an amino acid and the part that is different for each amino acid
amino acid.
(R) (C=Carbon
- (N=Nitrogen
"Amine Group" - "Carboxyl Group" (H=Hydrogen
(NH2)------------------------------(C)------------------------------(COOH) (R=Variable Radical
- (--= Peptide Bond
-
(H)